Here, we discuss cutting-edge techniques used to investigate neural circuits in vivo, including advanced CRISPR strategies.

Here, we provide direct evidence that voltage-gated ion channel subunits expressed on the cell body are critical for behavior and neurophysiology.

Here, we identify causal physiological phenotypes of projection-specific dopamine neurons that mediate individual alcohol drinking behaviors.

Here, we identify cellular mechanisms that underlie sexual dimorphism in dysfunctional learning and reward processing following cocaine exposure.

We review how investigating drug-induced neuroadaptations from a circuit-level perspective can lead to new insight into the drug reward.